Gestational diabetes - effects on fetus

Effects of diabetes on fetus:

1.Congenital abnormalities: Incidence of major congenital abnormalities is 6 to 10%.
It is 2 to 3 times more than the general population.
Around 40% perinatal deaths occur in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

•Possible anomalies in Central nervous system:
a)Anencephaly

b)Holoprosencephaly
c)Encephalocele d)Meningomylocele

e)Spinabifida

•Possible anomalies in Heart and great vessels:
a) Transposition of great vessels
b) Ventricular septal defect
c) Aortic coarctation
d) Atrial septal defect
e) Situs inversus
f) Single ventricle
g) Hypoplastic left ventricle

•Possible anomalies in Skeleton and spine:
 a) caudal regression syndrome

•Possible anomalies in Genitourinary system:
a) Renal agenesis
b) Ureter duplex

•Possible anomalies in Gastrointestinal system:
a) Anal and rectal atresia
b)Small left colon

•Possible anomalies in Pulmonary system:
Hypoplasia


2.During pregnancy:
- Sudden intrauterine death

3.After delivery:
-Hypoglycemia
-Hyperviscosity syndrome
-Hyaline membrane disease
-Macrosomia
-Hypocalcemia apnea and bradycardia
-Traumatic delivery -Hyperbilirubinemia

Etiological factors for diabetic embryopathy:
1.Hyperglycemia
2.Hypoglycemia
3.Hyperketonimea
4.Somatomedin inhibitors
5.Yolk sack failure
6.Reduced intracellular myoinositol 7.Arachidonic acid deficiency 8.Maternal vasculopathy