Friday, 1 March 2013

Early pregnancy loss (abortion or miscarriage)




Definition:
-          Abortion is defined as termination of pregnancy either spontaneously or intentionally before 20 weeks based upon the date of the first day of the last normal period.
-          One more definition is delivery of a fetus – neonate that weighs less than 500gms.
-          Definitions can vary according to state laws.

Usually more than 80% of abortions occur in the first 12 weeks.
In them chromosomal anomalies are responsible for at least half of the cases.

Causes :
- Defective implantation.
-Defective development of the embryo.
-Nonembryonic pregnancy or blighted ovum.
Above two can occur due to defective sperm or defective ovum or both.
- Maternal infections like rubella, chlamydia etc.
- Deficiency of progesterone or human chorionic gonadotropin etc.
- Traumatic causes like fall etc.

Risk factors:
-          The risk of spontaneous abortion increases with parity, maternal and paternal age.
-          The risk of clinically recognized abortion is 12% in women with age less than 20 years, whereas the risk increases to 26% in women with age more than 40 years.
-          The incidence increases if a women conceives within three months of a term birth.

The impact of abortion on future pregnancies and possible complications:
-          Usually fertility is not altered by an abortion.
-          There is some possibility for pelvic infection.
-          Multiple sharp curettage abortion procedures may result in increased risk of placenta previa.
-          But usually vaccum aspiration may not lead to future complications.
-          Septic abortion:
Ø      It is a serious complication most often associated with criminal abortion.
Ø      Usually severe hemorrhage, sepsis, bacterial shock and acute renal failure etc features can be seen.
Ø      These can develop in legal abortions also but with very less frequency.
Ø      Metritis can be seen. Sometimes parametritis, peritonitis, endocarditis, septicemia etc can also occur.
Ø      Usually two thirds of the septic abortions occur due to anaerobic bacteria.
Ø      Coliforms, haemophilus influenzae, campylobacter jejuni, Group-A streptococcus etc are other organisms.
Treatment:
Ø      Broad spectrum antimicrobials intravenously.
Ø      If sepsis and shock supervenes supportive care is needed.
Ø      Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy  can occur sometimes.

Ovulation resumption after abortion:
-  Sometimes ovulation can resume as early as 2 weeks after an abortion.
-  So effective contraception should be initiated soon after abortion.


(The viewers are invited to post comments or ask questions related to the topic through comment box.)

1 comment:

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