Sodium and potassium:
Retention of nearly 1000mEq of sodium and 300mEq of potassium occurs in pregnancy.
Glomerular filtration is increased but excretion is unchanged due to enhanced tubular reabsorption.
Serum concentrations are decreased slightly (sodium 2-3mEq/l, potassium o.2-0.3mEq/l).
Chloride:
No significant change occurs in chloride concentration.
Bicarbonate:
The concentration pf bicarbonate falls in early pregnancy consistent with fall in pCO2.
Calcium:
Serum total calcium decreases due to decreased albumin but Ionized calcium levels remain unchanged.
Fetus imposes significant demand on maternal calcium homeostasis.
Magnesium:
State of extracellular magnesium depletion develops.
Total and ionized magnesium levels decrease.
Little change in metabolism of other minerals other than their retention in amounts equivalent to those used for growth of fetal and maternal tissues.
Iron metabolism:
Increased requirement to a total of 1000mg, in that 170mg to compensate for external iron losses.
Around 450mg to allow expansion of maternal redcell mass, 270mg for fetal iron and 90mg iron in placenta and cord.
Daily requirement increases from 2mg to 6-7mg in second trimester. Gastrointestinal absorption of iron increases during last two trimesters of pregnancy.
The iron absorbed from diet together with that mobilized from stores is insufficient to meet maternal demands. Hb(hemoglobin) production in fetus is not impaired because placenta obtains iron from mother even when mother has severe iron deficiency.
If nonanemic pregnant woman is not given supplemental iron, serum iron and ferritin concentrations decrease during the second half of pregnancy.
Early pregnancy increase in iron concentration is due to minimal iron demands during first trimester and positive iron balance because of amenorrhea.
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - anatomical changes
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - weight gain, protein and fat metabolism
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - electrolyte and mineral metabolism
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - GIT, CNS, urinary and endocrine systems
Retention of nearly 1000mEq of sodium and 300mEq of potassium occurs in pregnancy.
Glomerular filtration is increased but excretion is unchanged due to enhanced tubular reabsorption.
Serum concentrations are decreased slightly (sodium 2-3mEq/l, potassium o.2-0.3mEq/l).
Chloride:
No significant change occurs in chloride concentration.
Bicarbonate:
The concentration pf bicarbonate falls in early pregnancy consistent with fall in pCO2.
Calcium:
Serum total calcium decreases due to decreased albumin but Ionized calcium levels remain unchanged.
Fetus imposes significant demand on maternal calcium homeostasis.
Magnesium:
State of extracellular magnesium depletion develops.
Total and ionized magnesium levels decrease.
Little change in metabolism of other minerals other than their retention in amounts equivalent to those used for growth of fetal and maternal tissues.
Iron metabolism:
Increased requirement to a total of 1000mg, in that 170mg to compensate for external iron losses.
Around 450mg to allow expansion of maternal redcell mass, 270mg for fetal iron and 90mg iron in placenta and cord.
Daily requirement increases from 2mg to 6-7mg in second trimester. Gastrointestinal absorption of iron increases during last two trimesters of pregnancy.
The iron absorbed from diet together with that mobilized from stores is insufficient to meet maternal demands. Hb(hemoglobin) production in fetus is not impaired because placenta obtains iron from mother even when mother has severe iron deficiency.
If nonanemic pregnant woman is not given supplemental iron, serum iron and ferritin concentrations decrease during the second half of pregnancy.
Early pregnancy increase in iron concentration is due to minimal iron demands during first trimester and positive iron balance because of amenorrhea.
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - anatomical changes
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - weight gain, protein and fat metabolism
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - electrolyte and mineral metabolism
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-Physiological adaptations in pregnancy - GIT, CNS, urinary and endocrine systems
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