Infertility treatment

Female infertility :
Treatment depends on the cause for the problem.
After examination and investigations mentioned previously the cause of the problem can be found out and treatment can be planned accordingly. -In case of irregular cycles due to hormonal imbalance ovulation induction and hormonal treatment can be given.
-In case of any structural problem hysteroscopic guided intervention can help.
-In case of ploycystic ovary disease etc laparoscopic drilling can help.
-By these methods the patency of the fallopian tubes can also be checked and alsoany repair like tubal recanalization is also possible.
-Artificial reproductive techniques like IUI (Intra uterine insemination), IVF(Invitro fertilization), ICSI (Intra cytoplasmic semen insemination), Surrogacy etc.
Techniques can be used depending on the need.

Male infertility:
In case of abnormal seminal parameters, the cause of that particular problem should be treated.
-Improvement in nutrition, avoiding work tensions, lifestyle modifications etc can help sometimes.
-Additional supplementation of nutrients, drugs like clomiphene can be used depending on the cause for the problem.
-Structural problems like varicocele can be treated by surgery.
-In nonresponding cases artificial reproductive techniques can be used.

Rh negative pregnancy - 2

(part -1)

If her blood group comes as Rh-ve she has to be careful from the beginning. She has to undergo regular antenatal checkups and ultrasound examinations to detect any abnormality at the earliest.
If any blood loss occurs during pregnancy she has to take anti-D immunoglobulins injection.
She has to undergo ICT(Indirect coombs test) and DCT (Direct coombs test) to detect presence any antibodies due to any undiagnosed blood loss.
If the test comes positive the treatment options depends on the severity.
If the antibodies levels are low and baby does not affected by that she can continue the pregnancy after taking anti-D immunoglobulins injection.
If the baby is having complications like anemia that can be found by edematous appearance in ultrasound, sometimes intrauterine transmission of packed cells can save the baby.
In case of major anomalies termination is needed.
After delivery, in case of normal baby also, blood group, hemoglobin levels and serum bilirubin has to be investigated.
If the baby blood group comes as Rh positive, mother has to take Anti D immunoglobulins injection.
If the hemoglobin and bilirubin levels are high baby has to be kept under observation.
Then depending on the progress further management can be planned. 

Rh negative pregnancy-1

When a pregnant lady's blood group is Rh negative, that pregnancy can be termed as Rh negative pregnancy.

The outcome of Rh negative pregnancy depends on factors like:
-Blood group of the husband.
If the husband blood group is also Rh negative, usually the baby will not get affected.
 If the blood group of the husband is Rh positive, sometimes the baby also can get positive blood group.
In that case if the baby blood accidentally mixes with mother's blood in utero, that can lead to development of antibodies in mother's blood and that can affect the baby.

-This depends on the parity also. Usually the first baby will escape from the effect. And if the first baby blood mixes with mother's blood during delivery that can lead to development of antibodies in mother and can affect next baby.

-Any bleeding episodes during pregnancy can affect that pregnancy and also next pregnancies.

-After delivering Rh+very baby, if mother does not take anti-D immunoglobulins that can affect next pregnancies.
So when a lady becomes pregnant she must undergo blood grouping and typing.
(part-2)

ovulation

 Ovulation means releasing of the partially matured ovum from dominant ovarian follicle.
This released ovum will be taken up by the fallopian tube and transferred to uterus.
Fertilization can occur during the transfer or in the uterus.
This usually occurs at the middle of the cycle.
In case of 28 days cycle, ovulation usually occurs between 12th to 16th days.
In case of 30 days cycle, ovulation may occur between 14th to 18th days.
This calculation will help to plan the pregnancy and also to prevent the pregnancy by planning the intercourse accordingly.
Ovulation can be tracked by methods like basal body temperature method, cervical mucus method, ovulation kits, follicular study etc.
Ovulation is influenced by hormonal levels.
Fluctuation in the hormonal levels can affect the ovulation and fertility. Estrogen predominant phase is follicular phase.
After that ovulation occurs leading to luteal phase, which is progesterone predominant phase. LH and FSH hormones peak during ovulation.
This helps in detecting the ovulation by kits.

Release of ovum from ovarian follicle